Essay Business Ethics in Accounting - 1034 Words

In the past there [ ] have been several cases in the business environment related to the practices of accountants and auditors who have violated the trust and confidence of public. A number of researches have been conducted to find the potential factors resulting in unethical, biased or inappropriate decision making and judgments by the professionals. The aim of this paper is to review two academic articles and conclude on the reliability of the claims and assertions made by the authors. The research paper of Pflugrath, Martinov-Bennie Chen (2007) aims to analyze the impact of organizational codes of ethics on the accountants’ and auditors’ judgments and professional decisions making skills. The research is conducted on a sample of†¦show more content†¦In terms of aggressive client preferences, the code of ethics may help in better judgment by the professional auditors and accountants. In contrast Shafer, Morrid Ketchand (2001) suggest that in case of client’s pressure on aggressive financial reporting, â€Å"auditors’ ethical behavior influenced by economic or utilitarian considerations†. Shafer et.al., (2001) suggest that strong organizational norms should result in the standardization of behaviors. In this regard, the results of Pflugrath et. al. (2007) may be judged as fairly consistent that organizational codes of ethics may help in ethical decision making of employees and professionals in auditing and accounting fie lds. Unitary codes of ethics may help in standardization for the accounting and auditing professionals and may result in similar findings for the similar scenarios or situations that prevail in different companies or businesses. Pflugrath et. al. (2007) gives arguments which are more persuasive and compatible with the existing literature. The research methodology of both the papers provides reasonable assurance of the validity of their judgments, however, Shafer et. al., (2001) has weakness of the homogeneity of the values of the sample which is the major portion of the participants used for the research. The results, hence, may not reliable for the diversified population of today’s business environment where people withShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Business And Accounting1361 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Business and Accounting Ethics are not simply something, which is embodied an individual s conviction or considerations, yet that of what is best for a conglomeration or organization. Moral choices good to go are took care of ordinary, and generally conglomerations have a made set of principles to encourage manage administration to make the right choice. Moral choices are not dependably simple and may require some supposed as to the responses or effect of a choice. There are establishedRead MoreImportance Of Ethics On Accounting And Business At Large2556 Words   |  11 PagesThe Importance of Ethics in Accounting Zachary J. Blake ACCT 302--B01 LUO 06OCT14 â€Æ' The Importance of Ethics in Accounting Abstract: Ethics are of the utmost concern within accounting and business at large. Ethics are the standard by which we make moral choices and decisions in our lives. In business and accounting, ethics give external users such as stakeholders, venture capitalists, and others a measure by which they can weigh financial statements and information to see if they are accuratelyRead MoreAccounting Fraud And Unethical Business Ethics Essay1931 Words   |  8 Pagesaccount to its executives such as Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skillings, and more. In 2000, its stock was rising by three to four hundred percent. Suddenly, Enron declared bankruptcy in December of 2001, which shocked people everywhere. Accounting fraud and unethical business ethics committed by the company were surfacing and thousands of people were losing their jobs and benefits. The route of Enron’s downfall was not the fraud, but the lack of moral compass within the founders and executives of the companyRead MoreAccounting for Busi ness Combination and Ethics Assessment981 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple of consolidation accounting. Before the acquisition, Yung and Chum was a competitor to each other. Their financial statement only reflects their own financial position. Thus, the balance and transaction would state in the financial statement. The reason is that they are viewed as two entities from different aspect. However, after the acquisition, Yung and Chum became a single combined entity as Yung held 75% interest in Chum. It means Yung can direct business decision of Chum accordingRead MoreChapter 1 Managerial Accounting, the Business Organization, and Professional Ethics7756 Words   |  32 Pages | |LO1: Describe the major users and uses of |A1, B1 |33 |39, 40, 42 |55 | |accounting information. | | | | | |LO2: Explain why ethics is important to management|A3 |37, 38 |47, 49, 40 |51, 55 | |accountants. Read MoreEthical Issues Of The Managerial Accounting Profession1186 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to its complexity in today s business world it may generates sort of excesses that can negatively affect the business environment as well as the social life. Therefore, it becomes necessary to stress on the ethics and morals that should be prevalent in the business community. The term ethics in the business environment expresses the expected attitude of the individuals in organizations that carry out certain activities and services. Clearly, today’s business environment has obvious ethical issuesRead MoreEthics Standards And The Field Of Accounting950 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional ethics are an absolute necessity in the field of accounting. Businesses rely on accountants to accurately report their financial information and give sound advise and consultation in regards to their business. There are standards and rules set in place to ensur e that ethics and information is reported accurately. Laws and repercussions are created place to deter unethical and illegal accounting practices, although it still occurs in the business world on many levels. The field ofRead MoreEthical Issues Involving Information Accounting1193 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ethical issues involving information accounting is a part of doing business and a large part of personal human ethics. Accounting ethics refer to codes or moral systems used to determine right and wrong in accounting. Accountants have a challenge with the arrival of information technology to observe business ethics in the field of accounting. Technology needs to be appreciated and used by accountants in the most important ways to improve efficiency, regulatory compliance, enhanceRead MoreEnron and Worldcom Case Study1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthe firm. Maintaining financial and accounting standards in the business practices are necessary. The profession of accounting has become a mockery due to the accounting scandals that took place all over the world in the last decade (Smith amp; Smith, 2003). The major companies involved in it are Enron, WorldCom, etc.          By means of the following paper, the reader will be able to understand the various reasons that are associated with the ethical accounting practices, reasons behind dissolutionRead MoreSNC-Lavalin Group Inc: Accounting Ethics1638 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Accounting ethics Introduction SNC-Lavalin Group Inc. is an engineering and construction company headquartered in Montreal, Canada. It is one of the top five global design companies in the world. The company has been involved in major engineering and construction projects in the world in Canada, Madagascar, Australia, and Spain. The company has more than 30,000 employees and a turnover of over 6 billion Canadian dollars. Recently in March of 2012, the companys CEO, Pierre Duhaime resigned as

Forecasting nventory Example

Essays on Forecasting nventory Speech or Presentation Topic:   Forecasting Inventory Forecasting is an important part of decision making. The research focuses on using SPSS and Excel to arrive at the trend line generated from the 2007 to 2010. The research focuses on estimating the projected inventory for the four months after the end of 2010. Forecasting inventory aids in making better inventory –related management decisions. Ronald Nowczyk (1988) emphasized the inventory system is based on physical count. The warehouse clerk counts and records the actual number of inventory for two months. The inventory shows that inventory count fluctuates seasonally. There are months where the inventory is highest. There are months when the inventory counts indicate low numbers. The inventory fluctuation is needed in order to prepare for the months where there is a strong demand for the products. The above time series graph shows that the inventory fluctuates from during the six inventory counts during the year. The graph shows that the inventory count drops as the year ends and the new year begins. The graph indicates that the inventory count at the end of each year is higher than the inventory count of the prior year’s inventory count. In the same manner, the inventory count of the months of March and April in one year is usually higher than the inventory count of the inventory count for the year. Likewise, the inventory count of the months of August and September in one year is usually higher than the inventory count of the inventory count for the year. In addition, the data gathered is converted to an index for each year. The computations for the four years are shown below as follows, based on the time series data from the index table. Inventory year    Inventory year Jan-Feb 2007 6,500. Jan-Feb 2008 7500 Mar-Apri 2007 7,000. Mar-Apri 2008 9000 May-Jun-2007 8,000. May-Jun-2008 10000 Jul-Aug 2007 8,500. Jul-Aug 2008 12000 Sep-Oct 2007 10,000. Sep-Oct 2008 13400 Nov-Dec 2007 20,000. Nov-Dec 2008 25009 Index 10,000 Index 12818 The above computation shows the index for the year 2007 amounting to 7,883 units. The index for the year 2008 shows an index of 12,818 for the entire year. Year Inventory Year Inventory Jan-Feb 2009 8,200 Jan-Feb 2010 10000 Mar-Apri 2009 10,200 Mar-Apri 2010 14000 May-Jun-2009 12,000 May-Jun-2010 15000 Jul-Aug 2009 14,000 Jul-Aug 2010 15500 Sep-Oct 2009 17,200 Sep-Oct 2010 20200 Nov-Dec 2009 28,000 Nov-Dec 2010 32000 Index 14,933 Index 17873 The above computation shows the index for the year 2009 amounting to 15,933 units. The index for the year 2010 shows an index of 18,617 for the entire year. Slope of the line = 590 computed using excel formula. In addition, the regression coefficient is shown below as follows: Model Summary(b) Model R R Square Adjusted R Square 1 .607(a) .368 .340 The above data shows that the R square is .368 and the Adjusted R square is .340. The constant predictor is the year factor. The dependent variable is the inventory count. Residuals Statistics(a) Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N Predicted Value 7145.7534 20621.6641 13883.7083 4143.00319 24 Std. Predicted Value -1.626 1.626 .000 1.000 24 Standard Error of Predicted Value 1135.468 2196.033 1563.188 356.262 24 Adjusted Predicted Value 7265.7153 20009.5625 13852.2047 4113.60106 24 The above SPSS computation shows that the predicted value of the trend for future inventory for the first 4 mounts of the year 2011 will have minimum value of 7146 items. The dependent variable is inventory count. In addition, the above SPSS computation shows that the maximum amount of inventory will be 20,522 items for the first four months of the year 2011. The SPSS computation above indicates that the mean of the projected inventory is 13,884 units. The above table also shows that the standard deviation is 4,143 units of inventory. Based on the above discussion, Forecasting is a very significant part of management’s decision making activities. The research shows that SPSS and Excel can hasten and improve management’s decision making activities by presenting more reliable historical inventory trend analysis. The historical analysis is based on actual inventory data generated from the 2007 to 2010. The research indicates the projected inventory for the four months after the end of 2010 can be easily forecasted with the use of SPSS, excel software and past historical inventory data. Indeed, inventory forecasting enhances management’s inventory –related decisions. Reference: Nowaczyk, R. (1988), Introductory Statistics for Behavioral Research, N.Y., London, Sydney, Hot, Rinehart Winston Press

Analysis Of Sun Downing Syndrome Dementia - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Sun Downing Syndrome Dementia. Answer: During my clinical placement at a dementia ward, in a nursing home, I was assigned the responsibility of caring for an elderly dementia patient, with sundowning syndrome. I found it challenging to look after my client, especially after sunset as the patient manifested symptoms of agitation and confusion. Therefore, I intended to conduct a literature search on sundowning to understand the prevalence of the disorder, the underlying factors that contribute to its incidence and the strategies that can be effectively implemented in the hospital setting for its management. Sundowning syndrome is a common neurological phenomenon that is often associated with restlessness and confusion, among patients who suffer from dementia or have delirium (Jonghe, Munster and Rooij 2014). With sunset, most elderly patients show a drastic change in their behaviour and become extremely agitated and confused. They also begin to hallucinate, which manifests in the form of delirium (Ferrazzoli, Sica and Sance sario 2013). Therefore, sundowning can be referred to as a phenomenon that is frequently observed in geriatric psychiatry wards (Coogan et al. 2013). The precise time frame for manifestation of these complications begins at around 4-5 p.m. and extends till midnight (Bedrosian and Nelson 2013). However, this clinical phenomenon is considered as a matter of debate because no accurate definition, aetiology, interventions or validity of clinical constructs are known. Owing to the absence of distinct demarcations between sundowning and dementia, nursesd working in geriatric wards face huge concerns (Roth 2012). This essay will encompass a discussion on the nursing issues that are faced and will provide evidences from some related literature. Sundowing affects more than 20% geriatric residents and around 66% dementia patients living in aged care homes (Richardson et al. 2013). However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-MD) fails to accurately diagnose the disease (Halek and Bartholomeyczik 2012). There are no specific treatment guidelines available for the condition. Nursing professionals often implement pharmaceutical interventions that rely on medications such as, risperidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine to pacify the individuals and to mask they are problematic behaviours (Yevchak, Steis and Evans 2012). Canevelli et al. (2016) conducted a literature search and stated that there is no unifocal definition for sundown syndrome. Owing to the fact that there is lack of consistent data on the prevalence of this syndrome with regards to the gender age and race of patients, it becomes difficult for nurses to manage such individuals. Stressed caring exhibited by a fatigue and burdened nursing professional often leads to burn out and results in implementation of wrong management strategies. The authors identified some of the reduction in melatonin production, impaired neurotransmission of cholinergic nerves, circadian rhythm disruption and regeneration of suprachiasmstic nucleus as the contributing factors. Similar results for demonstrated by Cipriani et al. (2015) who emphasized on the role of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus for generating and synchronising physiological biochemical and behavioral rhythm. They supported the statement that SCN functions as the central biological clock of human brain. They supported findings from previous research by stating that production of melatonin is under the control of this central clock, which in turn is suppressed by alterations in light and dark. The authors further stated that sundowning is based on arousal reaction or cortical activation, which depends on cholinergic differentiation of cortex. Thus, they considered sleep disruption as an important contributor. They were also accurate in establishing correlations between the phenomenon with the amount of light, noise, understaffing and fatigue. The role of circadian rhythm in sundowning syndrome was further explained by Zhou, Jung and Richards (2012) who stated that the suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus helps in governing the 24 hour cycle. They associated such behavioral disturbances with night restlessness, which in turn, triggers clinical depression in most patients. Evidences were provided for the association between melatonin secretion alterations such patients. The authors suggested that low bright light exposure on patients, staying in nursing homes was associated with frequent night-time awakenings and agitations. Thus, they stated that night awakenings due to sundowning are quite distressing for the patients as well as their caregivers. Stadlober, Sharp and Mudford (2016) made an analytic approach to sundowning among older individuals and showed congruency with previous findings by recognizing disruption in circadian rhythm due to low levels of light exposure in aged care home as the major factor. They associated sundowning to change in availability of nursing staff attention and administration of antipsychotics. They further recommended measurements of variables like staff attention for determining the exact effects on the phenomenon. The literature research conducted by Gnanasekaran (2016) provided evidence for effect of melatonin secretion in the pineal glands, in response to darkness. Lack of adequate light and water was thought to result in oxidative damage that generates free radicals. These become toxic and result in several deleterious effects in the individuals, thereby deregulating the circadian rhythm. The study indicated the presence of limited literatures on the diagnosis and definition of the phenomenon. Although the authors emphasized on the capacity of light energy to promote photo-biostimulation of cells by breaking the water molecule, the literature provided little information on recognizing the basic occurrence of the syndrome. According to Blais, Zolezzi and Sadowski (2014) melatonin secretion,administration of antipsychotics on dementia patients, inadequate light and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were identified as the major contributors The authors illustrated the importance of non-pharmacological interventions such as, moderate physical activity, bright light therapy, music therapy and aromatherapy for reversing degenerative changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, among people with sundowning. The administration of benzodiazepine was not recommended due to its adverse health effects. This provided evidence for supporting the fact that there is a lack of adequate management or treatment strategies. Thus, it is quite evident from the above discussion that there is a lack of appropriate literature on the clinical phenomenon called sundowning syndrome. Although, it is prevalent among older adults, I understood that there is inadequate data that can describe the symptoms of confusion, erratic behavipur and agitation that are manifested by the individuals in care homes. This contributes to the ineffectiveness of nurses and other caregivers to provide holistic care to the elderly. Furthermore, the manifestation of confused behavior during night or late evenings create burden on the nurses. Shift changes are quite common during evenings. This often leads to stress or fatigue among nurses, which results in poor diagnosis and treatment of the patients. Thus, there is a need to increase research studies on the effectiveness of light therapy for improving sleep patterns among older adults. References Bedrosian, T.A. and Nelson, R.J., 2013. Sundowning syndrome in aging and dementia: research in mouse models.Experimental neurology,243, pp.67-73. Blais, J., Zolezzi, M. and Sadowski, C.A., 2014. Treatment options for sundowning in patients with dementia.Mental Health Clinician,4(4), pp.189-195. Canevelli, M., Valletta, M., Trebbastoni, A., Sarli, G., DAntonio, F., Tariciotti, L., de Lena, C. and Bruno, G., 2016. Sundowning in Dementia: Clinical Relevance, Pathophysiological Determinants, and Therapeutic Approaches.Frontiers in medicine,3(73), pp.1-7. Cipriani, G., Lucetti, C., Carlesi, C., Danti, S. and Nuti, A., 2015. Sundown syndrome and dementia.European Geriatric Medicine,6(4), pp.375-380. Coogan, A.N., Schutov, B., Husung, S., Furczyk, K., Baune, B.T., Kropp, P., Hler, F. and Thome, J., 2013. The circadian system in Alzheimers disease: disturbances, mechanisms, and opportunities.Biological psychiatry,74(5), pp.333-339. Ferrazzoli, D., Sica, F. and Sancesario, G., 2013. Sundowning syndrome: A possible marker of frailty in Alzheimers disease?.CNS Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS Neurological Disorders),12(4), pp.525-528. Gnanasekaran, G., 2016. Sundowning as a biological phenomenon: current understandings and future directions: an update.Aging clinical and experimental research,28(3), pp.383-392. Halek, M. and Bartholomeyczik, S., 2012. Description of the behaviour of wandering in people with dementia living in nursing homesa review of the literature.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,26(2), pp.404-413. Jonghe, A., Munster, B.C. and Rooij, S.E., 2014. Effectiveness of melatonin for sundown syndrome and delirium.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,62(2), pp.412-412. Richardson, T.J., Lee, S.J., Berg-Weger, M. and Grossberg, G.T., 2013. Caregiver health: health of caregivers of Alzheimers and other dementia patients.Current psychiatry reports,15(7), p.367. Roth, H.L., 2012. Dementia and sleep.Neurologic clinics,30(4), pp.1213-1248. Stadlober, L., Sharp, R.A. and Mudford, O.C., 2016. A preliminary behavior analytic approach to Sundowning among older adults with major neurocognitive disorder.European Journal of Behavior Analysis,17(2), pp.200-213. Yevchak, A.M., Steis, M.R. and Evans, L.K., 2012. Sundown syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Research in gerontological nursing, 5(4), pp.294-308. Zhou, Q.P., Jung, L. and Richards, K.C., 2012. The management of sleep and circadian disturbance in patients with dementia.Current neurology and neuroscience reports,12(2), pp.193-204.

Water and World United Nations free essay sample

â€Å"The only thing I want is to awaken all humans on the planet that we are living on Mother Earth†. Earth is unique in the Solar System as being the only planet which is able to support life in its breathable atmosphere, a suitable climate, availability of water and also because of its ideal distance from the sun, due to which it receives the perfect amount of heat and light to allow human life to be sustained. But humans aren’t taking care of our exclusive mother earth and are busy in polluting the earth. Pollution is mainly caused by humans which is the introduction of contamination into the natural environment it may be in air, water, soil. Air pollution is caused due to smoke and dust. Smoke from factories and industries, vehicles, and other areas which produce harmful smoke. It can be reduced by proper ventilation, isolation, substitution in factories, installing electrostatic precipitator, catalytic converters and proper maintenance of vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on Water and World United Nations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Water pollution is caused due to sewage water from houses, toxic waste of factories and industries being dumped in rivers which can be prevented by proper drainage system, water purification system, water plant system, recycling. Individuals can filter and boil the water for safe usage. Soil pollution caused due to insecticides, pesticides and polluted water can be prevented by minimizing the use of chemicals for irrigation. All form of pollution is increasing it can be minimized only through health education, by increasing awareness, take responsibilities and remembering the 3Rs principal of reuse, reduce and recycle. We could even reduce pollution by growing trees as they provide us with oxygen, and in return takes carbon dioxide, this way carbon dioxide in air will reduce. Trees even provide us with fruits, stops pollution which can destroy the ozone layer. Food is the basic necessity of life or is a nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink, or that plants absorb, in order to maintain life and growth. To prevent from destroying of food and crops every individual should at least plant one tree as trees prevent from flooding which could reduce the number of people suffering from starving. While food wastage is abundant around the world United Nations, stated that 925 million people around the world go hungry every day out of which one-third of them are children. While 20,000 are children under the age of five are dying daily from hunger. But the question comes how we can reduce starvation. The ways that we can reduce starvation are that we should avoid over-stocking our fridge because raw items rot quickly if they are stored for many days. We should refrigerate leftovers immediately. Last nights leftovers can be todays lunch, which results in reducing waste. Use chicken bones and meat trimmings to make stock. Left over stew plus stock can make a great winter soup. If we really want to reduce the starvation and reduce the use of resources and try to save our earth, the simplest and cheapest thing anyone can do is to eat less meat. Behind most of the joints of beef or chicken on our plates is a phenomenally wasteful, land- and energy-hungry system of farming that devastates forests, pollutes oceans, rivers, seas and air, depends on oil and coal, and is significantly responsible for climate change. The average carnivore eats more than 11,000 animals in their lifetime, each requiring vast amounts of land and resources to reach our plates. Other academics have calculated that if the grain fed to animals were consumed directly by people instead of animals, we could feed at least twice as many people. Its time to think of waste not only taste. In a country like Pakistan where the sight of unfinished, discarded food on white plates is a common sight at weddings, it should be reduce and the guests should only take the amount of food in their plates that is desired for them and awareness should be created for feeding the undernourished and underprivileged communities. Urged people should share their excess food, use traditional preservation methods such as pickling instead of refrigerating. Food production around the world occupies 25 per cent of all habitable land and is responsible for 80 per cent of deforestation, 30 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and 70 per cent of freshwater consumption. About 70 per cent of the earth’s surface is covered by water. In fact, the Earth is known as the blue planet. We wonder why water is treated as something so precious when there is plenty of it all around. The seas and oceans hold about 97 percent of the water on earth. That is saltwater that cannot be used for agriculture or drinking. That means only 3 percent of the water is fresh water. 79 per cent of the fresh water is store in ice sheets and glaciers. 20 per cent is stored as ground water. Only 1 per cent of fresh water is found on the surface in rivers, streams and lakes that is why water is treated something so special. So we should use water very carefully by closing the tap when we our brushing, we should take bath through shower as bubble baths consume a lot of water. We should water the plants by a bucket as the pipe used for watering increases the waste of water. We should wipe the car with a cloth and prevent it from washing through pipes as it even results in waste of water. We should try to preserve water by using it carefully for our future generation. â€Å"If you truly get in touch with a piece of carrot, you get in touch with the soil, the rain, the sunshine. You get in touch with Mother Earth,† is a beautiful saying that if every individual plays his or her role and try to begin to love the earth he would start saving the mother earth and eventually start caring about the people living in it and would not let anyone sleep starving. Sarah Musani VIII-F